Offline Digital Learning for Inclusion: A Case Study of the MUBAS Offline ODeL Digital Library

While Open, Distance, and e-Learning (ODeL) has expanded access to education, marginalised populations in Malawi still face barriers such as poor internet connectivity, limited digital devices, and unreliable electricity. To address these challenges, the Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences (MUBAS) developed the Offline ODeL Digital Library (MOODL) at its Msalura Satellite Centre in Salima. MOODL operates on a local network without internet dependency, enabling free access to learning content. Built on open-source platforms of Moodle, Kolibri, and Kiwix, MOODL supports sustainable and inclusive learning. This case study used questionnaires, interviews, and observations to assess its impact. Findings revealed that students accessed materials using smartphones, tablets, and computers, often traveling to the centre or using low-end devices. Despite these challenges, students remained engaged and motivated. Equity Theory helped explain how perceived fairness between effort and benefit from free content access influenced student satisfaction. The study concludes that offline digital libraries, when adapted to local contexts, can significantly enhance access and equity in education for underserved groups. Expanding such systems and strengthening infrastructure could further bridge the digital divide in low-resource settings.